1.
ANOTHER, THE OTHER, OTHER, OTHERS, THE OTHERS
Other
is used with variations, such as : another, the other, other, the others.
Other with variations
can function as an adjective or pronoun.
|
ADJECTIVE
|
PRONOUN
|
|
|
Singular
|
Another magazine (is)
|
Another (is)
|
|
Plural
|
Other magazines (are)
|
Others (are)
|
|
Singular
|
The other magazine (is)
|
The other (is)
|
|
Plural
|
The other magazines (are)
|
The others (are)
|
ANOTHER
Another is used to mention one more
addition to the
material objects that we mentioned before. Another
is used with singular noun. Another can function as an adjective or pronoun.
Example :
·
I have four pens. Two pens are for Andi. One pen is for you. Another pen is for your
sister.
Note: Another
in the sentence above position as a adjective, that describe the pen.
·
Look I have two rabbits, one rabbit is white. Another
is grey.
Note: Another in the sentence above function as a
pronoun.
Another can be
alternative, beside this/these.
Example :
·
I have many magazines. One of the magazines is TEMPO. Another magazine is MATRA. Another is
SARINAH.
·
I don’t want this magazine. I want another.
·
He doesn’t know her address. Let’s ask another.
THE
OTHER
The other is used
when we want to mention a second object of the two pairs of objects which we
have mentioned, or that we already know.
Example :
·
I have three magazines. Two are TIMES and Newsweek. The
other magazine is Asiaweek.
Note: In
the sentence above, the other as an
adjective describing the noun magazine. The
sentence "the other Asia week magazine" can be replaced with "the other Asia week". But in this sentence, other
function as pronoun.
·
I have five magazines. One is SARINAH. The other magazines
are TEMPO, MATRA, POPULAR, and WANITA.
·
I have two magazines. If you don’t like this one, you can
have the other.
·
Two policeman were on patrol, one behind the other.
OTHERS
Others is used if we want to mention some
more things in addition to the objects which we mentioned before. Others function as plural.
Example :
·
I have many friends. One of my friends is from
Yogyakarta. Another friend is from South Sulawesi. Another is
from West Nusa Tenggara. Other friends are from Jakarta. Others are
from East Kalimantan.
·
These magazines are very expensive. I want others.
·
They are very tired, so I want to find others.
THE
OTHERS
The others is used if we mean that all
objects are filled from a certain amount or the rest of the group of objects or
people.
Example :
·
Andri has five magazines. One is SARINAH. The other magazines
are TEMPO and MATRA. The others are TEMPO, MATRA, POPULAR, and WANITA.
·
I want to buy these magazines. I don’y want the others.
·
Endra has arrived, I will tell the others.
EACH
OTHER & ONE OTHER
Each
other and one another
is used to mention two Things or
People who have a reciprocal relationship.
Example :
·
We send an SMS to each other everyday.
·
We send an SMS to one another everyday.
2.
ACTIVE AND PASSIVE VOICE
Sentence
can be active and passive voice sentence.
Active Sentence
Active
sentence is the sentence that the subject do the act.
So, the subject of the sentence is an actor.
Example
:
·
Alex posts a letter
once a next month.
·
He did an experiment at the laboratory last week.
·
They have finished their tasks on time.
Passive Sentence
Passive sentence is the sentence that the subject doesn’t do the act. In passive voice,
the subject is the recipient of action sentences or as an
object.
Example
:
·
Andi is visited by his mother every month.
·
She is being interviewed in room 7.
·
The fruit was bought from the big supermarket.
In general, passive voice to
be formed by a verb followed by the third form (verb 3). Change active to
passive voice do not change the tense of the active voice. There are few signs of
changing active voice into passive.
1)
Object
of active sentence becomes the
subject of the passive voice changed.
2)
The
tense of the passive sentence
follows the tense of the active tense.
3)
Verb
3 in the passive voice is formed by a verb in active voice.
4)
Just the object of active sentence can be changed into
passive sentence.
Here are the
patterns of passive voice:
|
SIMPLE
PRESENT/SIMPLE PAST TENSE
|
|
Am
Is
Are + Verb 3 (Past
Participle)
Was
Were
|
Active : Ujang drinks a glass of coffee every morning.
Passive : A glass of coffee is drunk by Ujang every morning.
Active : The tornado destroyed thirty houses.
Passive : Thirty houses were destroyed by the tornado.
|
PRESENT
PROGRESSIVE/PAST PROGRESSIVE TENSE
|
|
Am
Is
Are
+ being + Verb 3 (Past
Participle)
Was
Were
|
Active : The committee is considering several new
proposals.
Passive : Several new proposals are being considered by
the committee.
Active : The committee was considering several new
proposals.
Passive : Several new proposals were being considered by the committee.
|
PRESENT
PERFECT/PAST PERFECT TENSE
|
|
Has
Have + Verb 3 (Past
Participle)
Had
|
Active : The Company has
ordered
some new equipment.
Passive : Some new equipment has been ordered by the company.
|
MODALS
|
|
Modal + be + verb 3 (Past Participle)
|
Active : My brother will learn mathematics today.
Passive : Mathematics will be learnt by my brother today
|
MODALS + PERFECT
|
|
Modal + have + been + verb 3 (Past Participle)
|
Active : Rendy
should have taken the medicine this morning.
Passive : The medicine should have been taken
by Rendy tis morning.
3. CONFUSING
VERBS
There are verbs that make us confuse in the use.
These verbs are confused because the spell is similar and the change from
present to past is very confuse. These are confusing verb, such as lie, lay,
rise, raise, sit, set, and the examples in the sentence.
|
LIE-LIED-LIED
Bohong/Dusta
|
|
|
Bohong
|
Please don’t lie!
|
|
Berdusta
|
She lied to
us.
|
|
LIE-LAY-LAIN
Berbaring/Terletak/Terbentang/Berada/Ada
|
|
|
Berbaring
|
The
children lie down on the floor.
|
|
Terletak
|
My university lies in Bandung.
|
|
Terbentang
|
The
airport lies along the river.
|
|
Berada
|
The football field lay at
the north of the city.
|
|
Ada
|
The problem lies on her.
|
|
LAY-LAID-LAIN
Meletakkan/Menaruh/Bertelur
|
|
|
Meletakkan
|
He lays the
rug on the floor.
|
|
Berdusta
|
He laid his
books on the table.
|
|
Bertelur
|
This hen has laid
five eggs.
|
|
RISE-ROSE-RISEN
Terbit/Naik/Bangkit/Bangun
|
|
|
Terbit
|
The sun rises in the
east
|
|
Naik
|
When oil
and water mix the oil rises to
the top
|
|
Bangkit
|
The man rose and
walked away
|
|
Bangun
|
She always rises early
|
|
RAISE-RAISED-RAISED
Mengumpulkan/Mengangkat/Membesarkan/Menaikkan/Memelihara
|
|
|
Mengumpulkan
|
We try to raise funds to build a foundation.
|
|
Mengangkat
|
Please raise your hand!
|
|
Membesarkan
|
They
have raised their children here.
|
|
Menaikkan
|
The students will raise
the flag.
|
|
Memelihara
|
The
farmers raise cattle.
|
|
SIT
Duduk/Duduk
Dalam/Bertengger
|
|
|
Duduk
|
They always sit on the
bench.
Please sit down!
|
|
Duduk dalam
|
He sits on the
committee.
|
|
Bertengger
|
The
birds are sitting on the branch of the tree.
|
|
SET-SET-SET
Menaruh/Memasang/Mengatur/Menetapkan/Terbenam/Menyalakan
|
|
|
Menaruh
|
She
sets her iron on the table.
|
|
Memasang
|
The
mechanic is setting a lamp.
|
|
Mengatur
|
Please
set the table neatly!
|
|
Menetapkan
|
We
must set the price.
|
|
Terbenam
|
The
sun sets in the west.
|
|
Menyalakan
|
The
children set fire cheerfully.
|
4. CAUSATIVE
VERBS
Causative verb is a verb
that was used to signify that a person causes another person to do something
for themselves (first person). In real life, one can ask / tell others to do
something by way of asking, force, or possibly pay. Kind of causative verbs are have, get, and make.
HAVE / GET
Have/get is used
to ask
someone else
to do something. Clause that follows have / can get active and passive means.
|
(1) ACTIVE
|
|
Subject + have + Objects + Verb1
(any tense) (usually person)
|
|
(2) ACTIVE
|
|
Subject + get
+ Object + verb to infinitive
(any tense) (usually person)
|
|
(3) ACTIVE
|
|
Subject + have
+ Objects + verb 3
(any
tense) (usually person)
|
Examples (active clauses):
·
The
president had his advisors arrange a press conference.
·
Edo
is having his father contact an English teacher.
·
Sam
got his son to type his poems.
Examples
(passive clauses):
·
The
president is having a press
conference arranged by his advisors.
·
Siska
got her paper typed by a friend.
·
I
had my jacket cleaned by him.
MAKE
Make is used to force someone
to do something. Make only be followed by active clause.
|
Subject + make + object + verb 1
(any tense)
|
Examples:
·
The
robber made the teller give him the money.
·
My
teacher made me apologize for what I had said.
·
She
makes her children do their homework.
·
Heny
made her son be quiet in the meeting.
LET
Let is used to allow or permit
someone to do something. Actually, let not the causative verb.
|
Subject + let+ object + verb 1
|
|
Subject + permit + object + verb to
infinitive
allow
|
Examples:
·
John
let me drive his new car.
·
My
boss let me take the day off.
·
The
teacher let the students leave the class early.
HELP
Help is actually not a
causative verb, but usually included as a causative verb. "Help" in
the sentence is usually followed by a verb, although in some cases followed by
to infinitive. Help means assists.
|
Subject + help + object +
verb 1
(verb to infinitive)
|
Examples:
·
Finn
helped Queen wash the dishes
·
Said
helped Aulia study Toefl
·
The
teacher helped Andri find the research materials.
5.
PREPOSITION
A
preposition is a part of speech that shows a relationship between two things.
1)
Location (on, under, in, etc)
2)
Timing (before, after, during, etc)
3)
Direction (from, toward, to, etc)
The following is
a preposition that is very often used in a sentence.
AT
At has the
meaning as the example below :
·
at the night (pada malam hari)
·
at my house ( di rumahku )
·
at the age of 16 ( pada usia ... )
·
at $ 50.000 ( dengan harga )
·
at the airport ( di bandara )
·
at 7 o’clock ( pada pukul 7 )
ON
On has the
meaning as the example below
·
on the table ( di atas meja )
·
on February 13,2012 ( pada tanggal 13 Februari 1995 )
·
on the beach ( di pinggir pantai )
·
on a ship (naik kapal laut )
·
on Monday morning ( pada senin pagi )
UNDER
Under has the
meaning as the example below
·
Under table ( di bawah
meja)
·
Under the tree ( di
bawah pohon )
·
Under the chair ( di
bawah kursi )
IN
In has the
meaning as the example below
·
in the oven ( di oven )
·
in the windows ( di jendela )
·
in 1902 ( pada tahun 1902 )
·
in English ( dengan bahasa inggris )
·
in Seoul ( di Korea )
INTO
Into has the
meaning as the example below
·
The novel was translated into (ke dalam) five
languages
·
Said was looking straight into (ke arah) Aulia’s
eyes
·
An investigation into (mengenai) the cause of the
fire
·
Turn the smallest bedroom into (menjadi) an office
FOR
For has meaning as the example below
·
For (untuk) storing data
·
For (karena) coming late
·
For (untuk meringankan) fever
·
For (selama) five months
·
For (pada acara) Mickey’s 25th
birthday
FROM
From has meaning as the examples below
·
From (dari) London to (ke)
New York.
·
From (dari) morning to
(sampai) night.
·
From (antara) 60 to
(hingga) 80 people are present (hadir).
·
Away
from (jauhnya dari) the coast.
·
He’s
different from (dibandingkan dengan) his brother in character.
·
A
letter from (surat yang berasal dari) her yesterday.
·
Bread
is made from (dari/menggunakan) flour.
·
She
suffered from (karena/disebabkan oleh) hard disease.
·
From (dari
caranya/mempertimbangkan) the way he looks.
OF
OF has meanings as the examples below
·
The
color of (dari/daripada) her dress.
·
A
dress of (terbuat dari) silk.
·
A
book of (berisi) poems.
·
Much
of (kebanyakan dari/daripada) the night.
·
One
of (salah satu dari) the guests.
·
The
villages of (terhadap) an earthquake.
·
Aulia
likes the poems of (karya) Said.
·
A
teacher of (bidang/mata pelajaran) English.
·
An
area of (yang memiliki) heavy rains.
·
A matter of (yang
tidak memiliki sesuatu yang) no
importance.
·
Muhammad
Said of (dari/berasal dari) India.
·
She
did it of (disebabkan oleh) her aunt free will.
OFF
Off has the meanings as
the examples belows
·
Get
off (turun) the bus but get on (naik) the bus.
·
I’m
off (berangkat) now.
·
Be
off with you (pergi).
·
Two
miles off (2 mil jaraknya).
·
Several
years off (lewat).
·
The
door handle fell off (gagang pintu lepas).
·
Take
off (lepas) your shoes.
·
Turn
the tap off (matikan kran).
·
Finish
the work off (sampai selesai).
·
They
killed off all the mosquitoes (sampai tanpa )
·
Sorry
madam, strawberries are off (tak tersedia).
·
I
have Monday off (libur).
·
Her
work has gone off lately (tak sebagus biasanya).
·
I‘m
afraid the party’s off (tak akan terlaksana/gagal).
·
This
TV is 30% off (potongan harga 30%).
OUT OF
Out Of has the meanings as the examples belows
·
Kick
the ball out of (keluar) the field.
·
The
bunch of keys fell out of (jatuh dari) her bag.
·
He’s
out of the country (tidak lagi di desa) until next month.
·
I
only gave her the job out of (karena) pity.
·
Nine
out of (dari) ten people agree if Sandra is Farid girlfriend.
OVER
Out Of has the meanings as the examples belows
·
The
lamb hung over/above (di atas) table.
·
To
jump over (ke atas melewati) the wall.
·
To
fall over (menuruni) a cliff.
·
They
live (just) over (di seberang sana).
·
The
war broke all over (di seluruh) Europe.
·
Over
(lebih
dari/di atas) ten years ago; children over seven.
·
He
ruled over (memerintah) a large kingdom.
·
I
didn’t want anyone over (mengatur) me.
·
Will
be you my wife over (selama) my life, Alma?
·
Problems
over (berkaitan dengan) his income tax.
·
I
don’t want to say love over (dengan menggunakan/lewat) the telephone.
·
I
heard it over (melalui) the radio.
BY
By has the meanings as the
examples belows
·
Fajar
was attacked by (oleh) a dog.
·
To
travel by (naik) train/car/bus.
·
Send
it by (melalui/via) airmail.
·
They
came by (lewat) the back door.
·
Standing
by (dekat/disamping) the window; sit by (dekat/di samping) me.
·
Be
here by (menjelang/sebelum) 4 o’clock.
·
A
play by (karya/karangan) Shakespeare.
·
To
play by (sesuai) the rules.
·
By
(demi) god
he is done it.
·
By
train
(naik/dengan kereta api).
·
By
bus
(naik/dengan bus).
WITH
By has the meanings as the
examples belows
·
“I
wanna be with (bersama) you forever Regil” Ariffin said.
·
A
book with (yang sampulnya) a green cover.
·
A
well-known bank with (yang memiliki) over 200 branches.
·
With (meskipun) all his faults,
I still like him.
·
With (termasuk) a tip, the meal
cost $30 for two.
·
You
eat it with (dengan) a spoon.
·
They
were trembling with (karena) fear.
·
The
grass was wet with (setelah ada) a rain.
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